LECTURE I.
ITS ORIGIN AND SOURCES.
The
eminent man who founded the Whewell Professorship of International Law
laid an earnest and express injunction on the occupant of this chair
that he should make it his aim, in all parts of his treatment of the
subject, to lay down such rules and suggest such measures as might tend
to diminish the evils of war and finally to extinguish war among
nations.
These words of Dr. Whewell, which occur in
his vill and in the statute regulating his professorship, undoubtedly
contain both a condemnation and a direction. International Law in its
earlier stages was developed by a method of treatment which has been
applied to many important subjects of thought when their growth has
reached the point at which they are included in books to theology, to
morals, and even, in some cases, to positive private law. Writers of
authority who have gained the ear of the learned and professional
classes follow one another in a string, each commenting on his
predecessor, and correcting, adding to, or devising new applications
for, the propositions he has laid down. For a considerable time
International Law, as the words are commonly understood, had to be
exclusively collected from the dicta of these authoritative writers,
who, however, differed from one another materially in their qualities
and defects. At the head and at the foot of the list two names are
often conventionally placed, first that of Grotius, who was born in
1583, and died in 1645, and last that of Vattel, who was born in 1714
and died in 1767. Of both these writers it may be confidently asserted
that the rules and propositions which they laid down did tend to
diminish the evils of war and may possibly help to extinguish some day
war among nations. But of the residue of this class of publicists, it
must be confessed that some were superficial, some learned and
pedantic, some were wanting in clearness of thought and expression,
some were little sensitive to the modifications of moral judgment
produced by growing humanity, and some were simply reactionary. As
these lectures proceed I may be able to point out to which class, and
for what reasons, the writer immediately before us belongs.
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